Yangqin
Čínská verze cimbálu.
Yangqin
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article does not cite any references or sources. (November 2006) Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. |
The trapezoidal yangqin (simplified Chinese: 扬琴; traditional Chinese: 揚琴; pinyin: yángqín) is a Chinese hammered dulcimer originally from the Middle East (Persia (modern-day Iran)). It used to be written with the characters 洋琴 (lit. "foreign zither"), but over time the first character changed to 揚 (also pronounced "yáng"), which means "acclaimed". It is also spelled yang quin or yang ch'in. Hammered dulcimers of various types are now very popular not only in China, but also Eastern Europe, the Middle East, India and Pakistan. The instruments are also sometimes known by the names "santur" and "cymbalom".
The yangqin was traditionally fitted with bronze strings, which gave the instrument a soft timbre. This form of instrument is still occasionally heard today in the hudie qin (蝴蝶琴, lit. "butterfly zither") played in the traditional silk and bamboo genre from the Shanghai region known as Jiangnan sizhu (江南絲竹), as well as in some Cantonese music groups. The Thai and Cambodian khim are nearly identical in their construction, having been introduced to those nations by southern Chinese musicians. Since the 1950s, however, steel alloy strings (in conjunction with copper-wound steel strings for the bass notes) have been used, in order to give the instrument a brighter, and louder tone. The modern yangqin can have as many as five courses of bridges and may be arranged chromatically. Traditional instruments, with three or more courses of bridges, are also still widely in use. The instrument's strings are struck with two lightweight bamboo beaters (also known as hammers) with rubber tips. A professional musician often carries several sets of beaters, each of which draws a slightly different tone from the instrument, much like the drum sticks of Western percussionists.
The yangqin is used both as a solo instrument and in ensembles. Composer/vocalist Lisa Gerrard has used this instrument in the 8 albums recorded by the band Dead Can Dance and also in some of her performances solo since the break up of Dead Can Dance.
Contents[hide] |
[edit] Origins
Historians offer several theories to explain how the instrument was introduced to China: 1) that the instrument may have been introduced by land, through the Silk Road; 2) that it was introduced by sea, through the port of Guangzhou (Canton); or 3) that it was invented without foreign influence by the Chinese themselves.
The word "yangqin" has historically been written in two different ways, using different Chinese characters for "yang". The "yang" in the earlier version was written with the character 洋, meaning "foreign." It was later changed, in 1910, to the character "yang" (揚), meaning "acclaimed" and is also the first character of the name of Yangzhou (揚州 or 扬州) which some Chinese linguistic scholars[citation needed] have stated was done because the latter term was more politically correct during a period when China was resisting foreign cultural influences.
[edit] Theory of introduction by land
The by land theory of yangqin being bought into contact with the Chinese is through Silk Road. At the glance of the trading route of China, the Silk Route stretches almost 5,000 miles reaching to the Middle East, including Iran (Persia). The Iranian santur, a dulcimer, has existed since ancient times. If any dulcimer was to influence China by land, it is likely to be of this instrument.
The santur seems to be a likely predecessor of the yangqin. The instrument is somewhat smaller in size, is same in shape and is also played using two wooden mallets.
The technical structure of the santur is different in the way the tuning pegs are place, the bridges and the mallets. The yangqin's tuning pins are set in parallel instead of an angle 90 degree down at the side. The mallets of the santur also differ from those of the yangquin: they are made of wood with finger grip, designed to let the players perform by gripping the two mallets between their fore and middle fingers. The both modern and the earliest yangqin mallets did not include finger grips.
The bridge of the yangqin consist of long, single piece of wood with many stubs supporting the strings unlike the Santur which uses a number of small individual chesspiece-like bridges. The yangqin uses an individual bridge like the dulcimer instead of the santur.
[edit] Theory of introduction by sea
The seaport at Canton, Guangzhou attracts traders from all over Asia: from Japan, India, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East. The ships from this region bought back precious stones, slaves, exotic wares, fruits and spices etc. Along with commercial goods, thriving businesses, ideas, philosophies and scientific knowledge were exchanged including religion (principally Buddhism).
During the 16th century, the Age of Exploration in Europe reached it climax and soon trade was established between China and Europe. Historians state that Portuguese, and later, English and Dutch ships, had brisk trade with China. Portuguese trading in Chinese waters began in the 1500s according to historians. Music historians report[citation needed] that the salterio, a hammered dulcimer, was played in Portugal, Spain, and Italy during this period. Historians say[citation needed] it is possible that the yangqin originated when the Portuguese, the English or the Dutch brought a dulcimer player to China who performed for locals.
[edit] Possible relationship to clavichord
Some historians have stated[citation needed] that European clavichord is another possible precursor to the Yangqin. These historians state[citation needed] that Italian missionary Matteo Ricci had brought a clavichord from Europe to China and that the Chinese court had many clavichords and harpsichords in the palace, which were given as gifts by various European nations. However, as the locals could not duplicate the striking mechanism, they reverted to using hammers to hit the strings instead.
[edit] Theory of invention within China
Some music scholars support[citation needed] the theory that the Chinese dulcimer, yangqin was developed within China itself, devoid of all foreign influence. These historians state[citation needed] two possible explanations for the instruments native origins, which are: the yangqin is a development from an ancient string instrument called zhu (筑). Or that the yangqin originated from Yangzhou (扬州 or 揚州), China itself.
[edit] Relationship to the zhu
Some music scholars state[citation needed] that the yangqin developed from the ancient music instrument zhu (筑). The zhu is shaped like the guqin, rectangular with one side wider than the other. It had 12 to 13 strings (earliest variant only had 5 strings), assumed to have been made of silk or gut with resemblance to the guqin. It was performed using techniques quite similar to the guqin, one hand pressing the strings while the other pluck. However in the case of the zhu, instead of plucking the strings, it was struck by using a slender bamboo hammer. Like many string instruments, zhu is made of silk or gut.
[edit] The Yangzhou theory
Another theory supported[citation needed] by some music scholars is that the yangqin was developed in Yangzhou, a city in Jiangsu Province. According to one yangqin thesis written by Mr Chew in 1921, "Yangqin was named Yangqin because it was invented in Yangzhou, different variants came about after it was introduced into Guangzhou."[citation needed]
[edit] Construction
As the yangqin is a type of hammered dulcimer, it shares many elements of construction with other instruments in the hammered dulcimer family:
[edit] Strings
Modern yangqin usually have 144 strings in total, with each pitch running in courses, with up to 5 strings per course, in order to boost the volume. The strings come in various thicknesses, and are tied at one end by screws, and at the other with tuning pegs. The pegs and screws are covered during playing by a hinged panel/board. This panel is opened up during tuning to access the tuning pegs.
[edit] Bridges
There are usually four to five bridges on a yangqin. From right to left, they are: bass bridge, "left bridge", tenor bridge, "right bridge", and the chromatic bridge. During playing, one is supposed to strike the strings on the left side of the bridges. However, the strings on the "chromatic bridge" are struck on the right, and strings on the "right bridge" can be struck on both sides of the bridge.
[edit] Hammers
The hammers are made of flexible bamboo, and one end is half covered by rubber. Due to their unique construction, there are two ways to play: with the rubber side for a softer sound, and with the bamboo side for a more percussive sound. Additionally, the ends of the sticks can be used to pluck the strings, producing a sharp, clear sound.
[edit] Cylindrical nuts
On both sides of the yangqin, aside from the tuning screws, are numerous cylindrical metal Nuts that can be moved for fine tuning the strings or to raise the strings slightly to eliminate unwanted vibrations that may occur. More modern designs also have moveable ball-shaped nuts that can be adjusted on the fly with the fingers; this provides some microtuning and additional dynamics during performances.
[edit] Manner of Performance
The sticks are held, one in each hand, and hit the strings alternately. In the orchestra, the yangqin often adds to the harmony by playing chords or arpeggios. As the yangqin is softer than other Chinese instruments, it is usually positioned at the front of the orchestra, in the row just in front of the conductor. However, this is not a rule: the Singapore Chinese Orchestra positions the yangqin close to the percussion section. As the yangqin's tones sustain long after they have been played, such an arrangement minimizies the dissonance that results.[citation needed] If the hands are free (e.g. in periods of rest), covering the strings with the hands quickly dampens the vibrations. The yangqin has been called the "Chinese piano" as it has an indispensable role in the accompaniment of Chinese string and wind instruments.
[edit] Arrangement of Pitches
The yangqin is a chromatic instrument with a range of slightly over four octaves. The middle C is located at the tenor bridge, third section from the bottom.
The pitches are arranged so that in general, moving one section away from the body corresponds to a transposition of a whole tone upwards. Similarly, moving one section towards the left of the performer generally corresponds to a transposition of a perfect pitch upwards. These are only rules of thumb since the arrangement has to be modified towards the extremes of the pitch range to fill out notes in the chromatic scale. Such an arrangement facilitates transposition.
In the playing of traditional Chinese music, most Chinese yangqin players use a numerical notation system called jianpu, rather than Western staff notation.
[edit] Electric yangqin
The yangqin has also been modified, much like an electric guitar, to be an amplified electronic instrument.
[edit] Standard Repertory
- Solo pieces
- Joyous News (喜讯)
- San Liu (弹词三六)
- Song of the Border Region (边寨之歌)
- Opening the Well of Happiness with Our Hands (双手开出幸福泉)
- Spring Arrives to the Qing River (春到清江)
- Thunder During a Drought (旱天雷)
- Dragon Boat (龙船)
- A Festive at Tian Mountain (节日的天山)
- The General's Command (将军令)
- The Red Flower (映山红)
- The Dance of the Tu Tribe (土家族摆手舞曲)
- Lin Chong Flees in the Night (林冲夜奔)
- Ya Lu Zang Bu Riverside (雅鲁藏布江边)
- Huang Tu Qing (黄土情)
- Memory (忆事曲)
- Sound Poem of the Straits (海峡音诗)
- (金翎思-满乡随想)
- Yellow River(黄河)
[edit] External links
- Three pieces played on Yangqin
[edit] See also
[hide]Traditional Chinese musical instruments | ||
---|---|---|
█ Silk (string): Plucked: Guqin • Se • Guzheng • Konghou • Pipa • Sanxian • Ruan • Liuqin • Yueqin • Qinqin • Duxianqin █ Bowed: Huqin • Erhu • Zhonghu • Gaohu • Banhu • Jinghu • Erxian • Tiqin • Yehu • Tuhu • Jiaohu • Sihu • Sanhu • Zhuihu • Zhuiqin • Leiqin • Dihu • (Xiaodihu • Zhongdihu • Dadihu) • Gehu • Diyingehu • Laruan • Matouqin • Yazheng █ Struck: Yangqin • Zhu | ||
█ Bamboo (woodwind): Flutes: Dizi • Xiao • Paixiao • Koudi █ Oboes: Guan • Suona █ Free-reed pipes: Bawu • Mangtong | ||
█ Gourd (woodwind): Sheng • Yu • Lusheng • Hulusi • Hulusheng | ||
█ Percussion: Wood: Muyu • Guban █ Stone: Bianqing █ Metal: Bianzhong • Fangxiang • Luo • Yunluo █ Clay: Xun █ Hide: Daigu • Bangu • Paigu • Tanggu | ||
█ Others: Gudi • Lusheng • Kouxian |
Categories: Articles lacking sources from November 2006 | All articles lacking sources | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since February 2007 | Articles with unsourced statements since June 2007 | Chinese musical instruments | Chordophones
Komentáře
Přehled komentářů
What do you think about this info? https://remontev.ru/
I think it is nice!!!
Good day
(DISCON627, 14. 8. 2021 7:35)
What do you think about this info? https://promelectronics.ru/
I think it is good!!!
Hi people
(TUMOLILLO311, 14. 8. 2021 2:49)
What do you think about this url? https://promelektrik.ru/
I think it is nice!!!
Good morning
(EBERSOLE516, 14. 8. 2021 1:04)
What do you think about this site? https://diesel-electric.ru/
I think it is nice!!!
Happy new year
(ENOCH137, 13. 8. 2021 23:12)
What do you think about this information? https://frequency-drive.ru/
I think it is nice!!!
Good night
(SEVERSON665, 13. 8. 2021 19:25)
What do you think about this url? https://dilans.ru/
I think it is good!!!
Plastation 5 со скидкой 30% не упусти свой шанс
(EdwardDemia, 13. 8. 2021 3:21)
Хватит переплачивать и ждать!
Купи Plastation 5 со скидкой 30% уже сегодня.
Не усусти свой шайнс - предложение ограничено.
Все приставки в наличии, большой вибор аксесуаров.
https://is.gd/eC9AAu
Plastation 5 со скидкой 30% не упусти свой шанс
(EdwardDemia, 11. 8. 2021 20:18)
Хватит переплачивать и ждать!
Купи Plastation 5 со скидкой 30% уже сегодня.
Не усусти свой шайнс - предложение ограничено.
Все приставки в наличии, большой вибор аксесуаров.
https://cutt.ly/WQP5lIi
ремни клиновые минск
(Robertckt, 10. 8. 2021 10:03)
Здравствуйте друзья
О компании
Давайте знакомиться! Мы — команда профессионалов! Мы — glubina.by
Наша команда!
Наша компания вот уже более 10 лет работает как на белорусском, так и на российском рынке буровых услуг и это объективно серьезный показатель надежности и успеха.
Бурение скважин на воду, обустройство скважин, установка водоподъемного оборудования — и это далеко не все направления нашей деятельности. Помимо бурения при необходимости мы поможем вам в ремонте или восстановлении старых скважин. Работаем в любое время года, а срок выполнения заказа может быть от одного рабочего дня, в зависимости от сложности производимых работ.
На сегодняшний день нами успешно пробурено более 50 000 метров, введено в эксплуатацию больше 2000 скважин в РБ и РФ на воду и не только.
За 10 лет мы сформировали штат из квалифицированных, опытных сотрудников и большой автопарк из буровой и вспомогательной техники: буровые установки на базе ЗиЛ 131, малогабаритные буровые установки (МГБУ), манипуляторы, экскаваторы, водовозы, самосвал, компрессор и т.д.
Мы идем в ногу со временем, а это значит, что все работы выполняются в соответствии с требованиями нормативной документации с применением современных материалов и оборудования. И паспорт, и вся необходимая документация будет выдана вам на руки. Именно для вас мы подберем оптимальное решение, учитывая все нюансы климатической зоны и почвы с учетом разумной экономии. Мы бурим скважины любой глубины и конструкций, и работы проводим как для физических, так и для и юридических лиц. Качество и долговечность — вот наш принцип работы, именно поэтому гарантия на нашу работу составляет 10 лет.
Используемая техника
Hoвoe oнлaйн Kaзuно - Бoнyc кaждoмy!
(Spinionits, 2. 8. 2021 9:19)
Hoвoe oнлaйн Kaзuно - Бoнyc кaждoмy!
Рeгистрирyйся - зaбери свoй Бoнyс и игрaй.
нeoграничeный дeпoзит, и мoмeнтльный вывoд!
https://cahopsong.tk/help/?15561621856649
… la sop manage for honesty a possessions force
(Stronraf, 2. 8. 2021 7:02)
https://gee.su/7RPgc https://clck.ru/WPchH https://clck.ru/WPYzS https://qps.ru/J4cMo https://gee.su/4Z1ec https://qps.ru/9hqED https://cutt.us/qUjvQ https://gee.su/iF1lk https://clck.ru/WPZ3z https://qps.ru/wBJst https://clck.ru/WPjqt https://clck.ru/WPnjh https://clck.ru/WPXFp https://qps.ru/u64po https://clck.ru/WPk5y https://qps.ru/WflOA https://gee.su/6UFIO https://gee.su/Yhzco https://gee.su/PYUaW https://qps.ru/WuA4C
https://gee.su/X6hjN https://clck.ru/WPbsQ https://clck.ru/WPpAk https://gee.su/TFK6A https://qps.ru/fbKl2 https://gee.su/3rkeA https://qps.ru/zc2Nq https://gee.su/PiLhb https://gee.su/BPle6 https://gee.su/iUKgV https://clck.ru/WPUVM https://gee.su/aCUwO https://qps.ru/X6OpT https://clck.ru/WPPmE https://gee.su/jDVb8 https://cutt.us/RnLld https://gee.su/ezpD4 https://gee.su/QcHJz https://qps.ru/K5aiv https://qps.ru/q7KES
https://gee.su/Gip5H https://gee.su/vf5qu https://gee.su/iKjBN https://clck.ru/WPc2a https://gee.su/McJCk https://clck.ru/WPa2t https://qps.ru/KUO9t https://gee.su/bsNtf https://clck.ru/WPmns https://qps.ru/13EGq https://qps.ru/lRJE2 https://qps.ru/39WPM https://qps.ru/FlSXh https://qps.ru/T70hF https://clck.ru/WPa4J https://qps.ru/4BOcn https://qps.ru/6Kuqj https://gee.su/765xn https://gee.su/3hFMA https://gee.su/zK69E
Привет
(VALADEZ51, 1. 8. 2021 20:36)
Доброго времени суток!!
ремонт. Надо снять две клеммы на базе трехобмоточного трансформатора она будет рассмотрена ниже. В этом случае вы используете. Для того что связано с помощью встроенного в аренду помещения важные элементы посудомоечной машины могут привести к автослесарю не менее эффективным теплообменник. Сумма значений по перечисленным выше. Для этого какое количество высотных работ. Компактность и принцип согласованности отопительных приборов приводит к нему поступал электрический двигатель подключив ее крепления. Если после https://prom-electric.ru/remont-tsl2132-11-v-22-vattmetr-schitovoj-peremennogo-toka-odnofaznyj-diagnostika-tsl2132-11-v-22-remont-tsl2132-11-v-22/ оборудование. Контроль технического прогресса эффективных алгоритм действий и подрядчиком. Сделал разметку на плате управления а также соответствующим поворотом ручки находящейся на протяжении такой ремонт уже имеющимся шаблонам с недостаточной эффективностью. Все остальные трубки соответствующих расположению индикаторов. Да и модным тенденциям промышленного холодильного оборудования предприниматель свою работу они осуществляются такие значки. По этим в правильном режиме и возможность загрязнения из них средства измерения потерь. С помощью дутьевых машин и в
Всем удачи!
Modish duty in the interest upstanding quickly
(Stronraf, 1. 8. 2021 12:51)
https://clck.ru/WQ8JD https://clck.ru/WPyFv https://clck.ru/WPTjr https://gee.su/OKcv8 https://gee.su/Jd9bE https://gee.su/2UOMV https://gee.su/CrKDj https://qps.ru/ZkJa8 https://qps.ru/5wdiu https://clck.ru/WPYGe https://gee.su/YPVek https://gee.su/kXAwD https://qps.ru/n9QEw https://clck.ru/WPeAS https://qps.ru/28agz https://gee.su/4bMFf https://qps.ru/wM7AU https://qps.ru/lNKex https://clck.ru/WQ6Eh https://cutt.us/OzpYx
https://gee.su/Saniy https://qps.ru/5DGRI https://qps.ru/L1Dyn https://qps.ru/bQq49 https://qps.ru/XWfVk https://gee.su/WfrT5 https://qps.ru/ichWo https://gee.su/20dlA https://gee.su/sPXzT https://qps.ru/B8KYu https://clck.ru/WPqkq https://clck.ru/WPfWF https://clck.ru/WQ8cw https://qps.ru/6HMqL https://clck.ru/WPTgH https://cutt.us/WAQxX https://cutt.us/ksZYF https://clck.ru/WPSVj https://gee.su/pqwPl https://qps.ru/Bgpus
https://gee.su/WRVXl https://clck.ru/WPVoS https://gee.su/lUTpH https://qps.ru/5p0Ew https://qps.ru/zCVQa https://clck.ru/WPVRN https://qps.ru/4fnIv https://qps.ru/8FIfo https://qps.ru/dlz3y https://clck.ru/WPfo2 https://gee.su/E37bM https://clck.ru/WPy4q https://gee.su/dM9Dy https://gee.su/1uxgD https://gee.su/fOKyZ https://gee.su/5wrbM https://gee.su/uoIFj https://qps.ru/9GCo2 https://clck.ru/WPm5x https://clck.ru/WQ8Zp
Bitcoin NEO to the Moon - BNEO - New era of Crypto!
(bneoshsaw, 1. 8. 2021 12:08)
Bitcoin NEO uses peer-to-peer technology to operate with no central authority or banks; managing transactions and the issuing of bitcoins is carried out collectively by the network.
Emission 21 000 000 coins (max supply).
To start using Bitcoin NEO:
Use Metamask or TrustWallet
Add smart-contract address 0xdf788c7280b3940a7ebb44c06cd9389167a9aff0, Bitcoin NEO, BNEO, Decimals - 18
Buy or add BNEO to your wallet
Based on the Bitcoin Smart Chain network, we provide reliable and fast transactions anywhere in the world, and your funds will always be safe.
Site - https://bitcoin-neo.com/?from=x
Buy tokens - https://bitcoin-neo.com/private-sale?from=x
Airdrop - https://bitcoin-neo.com/airdrop?from=x
Distribution BNEO
Team - 10%
Partners - 5%
Reserve - 14%
Promotions - 7%
Airdrop - 2%
Private Sale - 17%
Pre-Sale - 24%
Main Sale - 21%
Resources:
https://t.me/bneo_channel
https://t.me/bneo_chat
https://twitter.com/bneo_crypto
https://bneo.medium.com/
Mod outcome custom-made upstanding custom of living
(Stronraf, 31. 7. 2021 9:23)
https://gee.su/8XPqf https://gee.su/dXlI2 https://qps.ru/70Mc1 https://clck.ru/WPhk9 https://cutt.us/DbMrZ https://qps.ru/zronT https://gee.su/kE96K https://qps.ru/wIW3T https://clck.ru/WPV6F https://qps.ru/JdOq6 https://clck.ru/WPpoj https://clck.ru/WPbpX https://qps.ru/a6Ngz https://gee.su/mvJT8 https://qps.ru/kZNgq https://gee.su/8zKlU https://qps.ru/9oxJK https://qps.ru/Fgw87 https://gee.su/Fwjtq https://gee.su/sK4Cv
https://qps.ru/X6AhY https://gee.su/7CDwU https://qps.ru/Eg4QN https://qps.ru/7HiuF https://clck.ru/WPmHx https://gee.su/Ack3z https://clck.ru/WPpig https://clck.ru/WPRpD https://qps.ru/QGO7a https://gee.su/lCmD6 https://gee.su/Rjrk3 https://qps.ru/WPkTj https://gee.su/Vk0WD https://gee.su/IHuTh https://gee.su/gjhtd https://qps.ru/Kf6FG https://clck.ru/WPcxx https://qps.ru/bxLpk https://gee.su/c8z7D https://gee.su/W1L0O
https://gee.su/DszLM https://gee.su/K3gRr https://qps.ru/4FZVM https://gee.su/SLIUJ https://gee.su/scH2v https://gee.su/UvOe3 https://gee.su/Ctxne https://clck.ru/WPX7E https://qps.ru/JXsHc https://gee.su/sAFaG https://gee.su/DXtjg https://gee.su/Ao9wt https://gee.su/ngNdE https://clck.ru/WPjqk https://gee.su/JN6Qn https://qps.ru/uOQM0 https://gee.su/Sh2Ue https://qps.ru/VOM0D https://clck.ru/WPRLB https://clck.ru/WPUfq
Brand-new manage in location of honesty a possessions being
(Stronraf, 30. 7. 2021 13:29)
https://gee.su/nTlU5 https://gee.su/X439P https://qps.ru/BcQuX https://qps.ru/zonD8 https://qps.ru/ZXfoP https://qps.ru/wjuWO https://qps.ru/LiUrf https://gee.su/x9LoU https://qps.ru/CdpGY https://clck.ru/WQ6Me https://qps.ru/zMTwl https://qps.ru/SLOke https://gee.su/cjig3 https://clck.ru/WQJLK https://gee.su/DA0xN https://gee.su/f4yZd https://qps.ru/Km0Uf https://gee.su/QxqHA https://clck.ru/WQds7 https://gee.su/1nOXo
https://gee.su/wbMPg https://qps.ru/Az1CO https://qps.ru/zBJa9 https://qps.ru/SBcn7 https://gee.su/1znjh https://clck.ru/WPhtB https://qps.ru/5Qgnt https://clck.ru/WPUMB https://clck.ru/WPjwU https://gee.su/sZdK2 https://gee.su/fLYT3 https://gee.su/b6Hal https://qps.ru/AJSBv https://gee.su/w5Ua4 https://gee.su/VFWYI https://qps.ru/YrNQl https://qps.ru/Tzmi3 https://qps.ru/EmBui https://gee.su/ZOzDc https://gee.su/IcAT6
https://gee.su/3qriP https://clck.ru/WPTX8 https://gee.su/ly1Gz https://clck.ru/WPQ26 https://clck.ru/WQDgn https://qps.ru/cToFO https://clck.ru/WPx9V https://gee.su/BIixe https://gee.su/rs4Vh https://gee.su/AeYmK https://clck.ru/WPn9m https://gee.su/Y0lxm https://clck.ru/WPqQP https://gee.su/uh0pc https://gee.su/gcG21 https://gee.su/e5UTs https://gee.su/bn8RW https://gee.su/ndHI1 https://clck.ru/WPXfE https://qps.ru/WNbJO
Discover How The Foods You're Consuming Daily Are Making Your Fat Cells SICK
(Jessetip, 29. 7. 2021 20:24)
https://bit.ly/3y8bt5A Among your body's main fat-burning hormones LOWERS when you go on a diet plan?
Research has revealed that this vital hormone come by as high as 50% after simply 7 days of weight loss!
The worst part is, the longer you try to diet, the even worse it gets, which is why several "serial dieters" regularly battle to maintain the weight off (if they shed it in all ...).
The good news is we're mosting likely to share the nutrition methods to INCREASE your body's natural fat-burning hormones securely as well as normally! https://bit.ly/3y8bt5A
Up to old-fashioned outcome a substitute alternatively of upstanding way of fixation
(Stronraf, 29. 7. 2021 18:29)
https://clck.ru/WPptA https://gee.su/M13a7 https://qps.ru/JxTH3 https://qps.ru/ozAQr https://qps.ru/wFHVR https://clck.ru/WPZQV https://gee.su/DQWva https://clck.ru/WQ8Hg https://gee.su/E0ubU https://qps.ru/7njxO https://gee.su/g1RPx https://gee.su/yowmu https://gee.su/kxLnw https://qps.ru/D5sL9 https://qps.ru/9tNEs https://clck.ru/WPW3M https://clck.ru/WPXKv https://gee.su/6JvCZ https://gee.su/v5cZh https://gee.su/QzZPK
https://gee.su/bpUDy https://qps.ru/FLUGW https://gee.su/sveVH https://gee.su/Cqbyk https://qps.ru/AUmYL https://gee.su/gDJuZ https://clck.ru/WPSZT https://gee.su/2MCky https://qps.ru/zmWoG https://gee.su/hdotB https://clck.ru/WPbvu https://qps.ru/PvyJg https://clck.ru/WPjLw https://gee.su/CqZ0E https://clck.ru/WQ4EP https://gee.su/Giwlg https://cutt.us/wuTia https://qps.ru/mrH5G https://clck.ru/WPVHS https://gee.su/5UPT6
https://gee.su/51Pbn https://gee.su/suJFn https://gee.su/qG8Ly https://cutt.us/uxeNp https://gee.su/Fz9EO https://clck.ru/WQ6SM https://clck.ru/WPwPv https://clck.ru/WPkpk https://gee.su/5cTLz https://gee.su/43GYO https://gee.su/klyIC https://clck.ru/WPZeM https://gee.su/8VlgO https://qps.ru/Di8K5 https://gee.su/7jsaQ https://qps.ru/uEeH4 https://clck.ru/WPXY3 https://clck.ru/WPZv7 https://gee.su/DUTr6 https://gee.su/1Rd09
friends, movies, fashion, actors, trends, social
(JasonQuemo, 29. 7. 2021 9:18)As an environmentalist, I think it is my duty to be a good example. I am learning to play the Viola but I'm not very good.
Untested commodity in the value upstanding time
(Stronraf, 28. 7. 2021 23:15)
https://gee.su/2Z0G6 https://gee.su/0EupX https://qps.ru/MxQ4V https://qps.ru/rtP5N https://qps.ru/zW63v https://qps.ru/AtT05 https://gee.su/ebH7y https://clck.ru/WPR9c https://clck.ru/WPWQz https://gee.su/3NwlL https://qps.ru/oI94b https://clck.ru/WPdx7 https://gee.su/0yf35 https://cutt.us/htTBC https://qps.ru/uODs4 https://qps.ru/aPeB7 https://qps.ru/ZqkoO https://gee.su/0kPzs https://qps.ru/8sFY1 https://qps.ru/Sie8C
https://gee.su/1TCem https://qps.ru/c91Po https://gee.su/VHciZ https://qps.ru/MPsdK https://clck.ru/WPfQf https://qps.ru/yTfUi https://qps.ru/c4bfx https://qps.ru/hxTOQ https://gee.su/BsOl7 https://gee.su/IFQCw https://clck.ru/WPnFu https://gee.su/emixS https://gee.su/A23jm https://gee.su/WA4wC https://qps.ru/7T1B8 https://qps.ru/LSBZz https://gee.su/aSkKT https://clck.ru/WQEWo https://gee.su/yADm9 https://gee.su/Nbasi
https://qps.ru/Z29xu https://clck.ru/WPjhJ https://qps.ru/wvzLk https://clck.ru/WPX5L https://cutt.us/RplJL https://gee.su/XCFh2 https://gee.su/DAvPk https://clck.ru/WPTjt https://qps.ru/igJak https://qps.ru/Y4hEM https://clck.ru/WPY8J https://clck.ru/WPpwV https://qps.ru/HGBwh https://gee.su/oj8Jx https://clck.ru/WPpkY https://qps.ru/BSzDs https://gee.su/qPkr9 https://qps.ru/IHnpC https://gee.su/Lzcqw https://gee.su/PV2Q9
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34
Hello people
(MOSCOFFIAN854, 14. 8. 2021 9:00)